Green Synthesized Approach to Develop Tungsten Nanostructures for Biosensor Applications

Abstract

The current paper presents a novel green synthesis approach for developing tungsten oxide (WO₃) nanostructures using green apple extract as a natural reducing and capping agent. The synthesis method effectively produced monoclinic WO₃ nanostructures with well-controlled morphology and size distribution, exhibiting a mean diameter of 27.376 nm and crystallite sizes averaging 21.34 nm. XRD analysis confirmed the formation of pure-phase monoclinic WO₃, while FESEM revealed uniform quasi-spherical morphology. The FTIR spectroscopy demonstrated successful functionalization with biomolecules from the apple extract, and EDX confirmed the chemical composition with 75.82 wt % for tungsten, 18.17 wt % for oxygen, and 6.01 wt % for carbon. The synthesized nanostructures showed excellent potential for biosensor applications, demonstrating rapid response time (4.2 s), quick recovery (8.5 s), and high stability (± 2.3 % signal drift) in glucose sensing application.