Journal of Wasit for Science and Medicine
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description: Journal title Journal of Wasit for Science and Medicine (JWSM) Indexing Online ISSN Print ISSN 2791-3864 1992-5816 Frequency 4 issues per year DOI prefix 10.31185 Editor in Chief Managing Editor: Prof. Dr. Subhi Abdul Sattar Hassan Ali Al-Bayaty, Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Wasit University, Iraq Email: salbayaty@uowasit.edu.iq Associated Professor Dr. Hayder Dawood Jasim Qasim Arkawazi, Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Wasit University, Iraq harkawazi@uowasit.edu.iq Organized by College of Science – Wasit University, Iraq Citation Analysis Scopus | Google Scholar Acceptance Rate: 40% Review Speed: 90 days Before submission, You have to make sure that your paper is prepared using the JWSM paper Template, or Latex Template has been carefully proofread and polished, and conformed to the author's guidelines. Online Submissions Do you already have a username/password for JWSM? GO TO LOGIN Need a username/password? GO TO REGISTRATION Registration and login are required to submit items online and check current submissions' status.
publisher: Wasit University
language: en
publication name: Journal of Wasit for Science and Medicine
issn: 1992-5816
items: Pitting Corrosion Resistance of 316L Stainless Steel in Physiological and Marine Chloride Environment
items: Interplay Between Iron Overload, Thyroid Dysfunction, and Biochemical Disturbances in Thalassemia Intermedia (BTI): A Cross-Sectional Study
items: Evaluation of Urea and Creatinine Levels in Chronic Renal Failure in Wasit province
items: Predicting Role of VKORC1 Gene and Cardiac Enzymes in Incidence of Cardiovascular Diseases
items: Stellar Activity Effects on Detection and Characterization of Exoplanets Utilizing TESS Data
items: Development of An Ionosphere Monitoring Sensors Placed on Nanosatellites
items: Early Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy in High-Risk Patients with Acute Cholecystitis
items: Minimally Invasive Plate Osteosynthesis (MIPO) Versus Conventional Open Reduction and Internal Fixation (ORIF) in The Management of Distal Tibial Fractures
items: Bacteriological Profile of Tonsillitis with Emphasis on Staphylococcus aureus, MRSA, and Biofilm Formation in Wasit Province
items: Molecular Surveillance of mecA, mecC, and blaZ Genes in Urpathogenic Coagulase-negative Staphylococci Isolated from Woman Outpatients in Wasit Province, Iraq
items: Evaluation of The Immune Response to Wheat Allergy in Wasit Province
items: Histopathological Alternation in The Liver of Experimental Rodents Following Hepatotoxic Insults
items: Effect of Concentration and Exposure Time on Mild Steel Corrosion in Sodium Chloride
items: Analysis of piles by different programs
items: Simulation Analysis of CMOS Device Fabrication Using Silvaco TCAD: Process Optimization for Biomedical Applications
items: Mild Steel Corrosion Inhibitor in An Acidic Media Study by Using a Natural Inhibitor (Ascorbic Acid)
items: Effects of Viruses on Innate and Adaptive Immunity: Mechanisms, Challenges, and Prevention
items: Electrochemical Detection of Ciprofloxacin Using a Functionalized Graphene Oxide Nanocomposite Sensor
items: Determination of Calcium Concentration in Milk Using EDTA Complexometric Titration as An Indicator of Nutritional Quality
items: Biodegradation of spinetoram (pesticide) by consortium of Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus pumilus isolates
items: Study of The Prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus In Urine Among Student of Wasit University
items: Physicochemical and Microbiological Assessment of Bottled Water in Al-Kut, Iraq
items: Graphene Oxide Nanosheet Synthesis Using a Modified Hammer Process and Toxicity Assessment (LD50)
items: Impact of Nanoparticles on The Binding of Insulin Hormone and Its Receptors in Sera of Patients with Type Two Diabetes
items: Calculation of Luminance between delta wavelengths depending on temperature in different bands
items: Histopathological Study of The Protective Effect of Sesame Oil on Arsenic Induced Hepatorenal Toxicity in Female Rats
items: Tracing Salivary NET-Derived CitH3 as a Diagnostic Biomarker in Periodontal Disease: A Case Control Study
items: Impact of Modern Immunosuppressants of Cytokine Gen and Protein Expression in Transplant Recipients
items: Phenethylamine's Effect on Preventing the Corrosion of Low-Carbon Steel in Acidic Environments: Theoretical and Experimental DFT Computational Investigation
items: Prevalence of Scimeca-Encoded Resistance Gens in Oral Staphylococcus Aures from Gingivitis Cases in Wasit Province, Iraq

Pitting Corrosion Resistance of 316L Stainless Steel in Physiological and Marine Chloride Environment
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description: This experiment compares the pitting corrosion resistance of 316L stainless steel in two chloride environments, 3.5 wt.% NaCl, simulated seawater, and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), which is a physiological medium, in potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Findings point to the conclusion that the PBS + NaCl solution is more violent with the passive film of the 316 L stainless steel. An experiment with potentiodynamic polarization indicated that this electrolyte had a lower pitting potential than sal-ammoniac and indicated that the electrolyte was more subject to the initiation of pits. EIS analysis confirms these results with the lowering of the charge transfer resistance and changed capacitive behavior, which was evidence of the formation of a thinner, less stable, and more defective passive film. Quantitative analysis of the electrochemical behavior was done through equivalent circuit models with a constant phase element (CPE). In general, the integrated electrochemical measures indicate that, despite the overall good corrosion performance of 316L stainless steel, the passive film is more prone to localized corrosion in compound chloride-rich environments, including physiological fluids. Such intuitions are essential in the choice of materials and determining the risk of corrosion in the engineering of marine structures and biomedical implants.
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creator: Zeena Razaq Katoof
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Zeena Razaq Katoof https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-19
publication date: 2026-05-19
starting page: 68
ending page: 75
doi: 10.31185/jwsm.640

Interplay Between Iron Overload, Thyroid Dysfunction, and Biochemical Disturbances in Thalassemia Intermedia (BTI): A Cross-Sectional Study
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description: Thalassemia Intermediate (BTI) is one of the inherited disorders with diminished or lacking chains of beta-globin production. Abnormal enzymes and hormones are commonly associated with thalassemia patients. The current study investigates variations in levels of thyroid hormones, hepatic, renal enzymes, and serum ferritin. Additionally, detection the distribution of blood groups with participants. Levels of thyroid hormones, including biochemical and hormones parameters were measured in patients and compared across sex groups. The result revealed that O+ RH was a high percentage (32%) associated with patients more than other blood groups. Also, a slight increase in the serum of TSH and T4 levels in males’ patients compared to females. Total serum bilirubin (TSB) concentrations were also higher in males compared to females, with a positive correlation of 0.88 and forward to TSB and AlP according to radar plot analysis. In conclusion, levels of ferritin, TSB, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were significantly elevated in the males compared to females. The observed correlations between these parameters and disease status underscore the importance of regular monitoring and timely transfusion to mitigate biochemical disturbances and potential organ dysfunction.
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creator: Layth Ammar Chyad
creator: Wisam Haseeb Shakir
creator: Ali Saad Kadum
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Layth Ammar Chyad, Wisam Haseeb Shakir, Ali Saad Kadum https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-18
publication date: 2026-05-18
starting page: 54
ending page: 67
doi: 10.31185/jwsm.638

Evaluation of Urea and Creatinine Levels in Chronic Renal Failure in Wasit province
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description: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a chronic ailment resulting in a gradual and persistent worsening of the kidney functioning, which results in a substantial influence on the body fluid and electrolyte balance and the buildup of toxic wastes. The research was done in Wasit Governorate and in partnership with Al-Zahraa General Hospital and Martyr Dr. Fayrouz Hospital. A cross-section of sixty patients was selected, comprising patients with chronic kidney disease and healthy people and a range from 21 to 98 years old. A collection and analysis of samples were done at the laboratory, where urea and creatinine concentrations of the blood of the participants were examined. The percentages were used to depict the resulting data in terms of age groups, gender segregation (male and female), and urea and creatinine levels. The correlation between these health variables and kidney failure complications, such as anemia and blood pressure, was determined. Findings revealed that urea and creatinine levels were significantly surged in patients with kidney failure as compared to healthy people. That is an explicit indication of deterioration of kidney functions. It was also established that males showed more elevated creatinine levels than females, with females having more anemia levels. These findings show that monitoring biomarkers regularly is essential to reduce the complications of chronic kidney failure and improve the quality of life of patients.
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creator: Noor Majeed Abdulhasan
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Noor Majeed Abdulhasan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-16
publication date: 2026-05-16
starting page: 47
ending page: 53
doi: 10.31185/jwsm.637

Predicting Role of VKORC1 Gene and Cardiac Enzymes in Incidence of Cardiovascular Diseases
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description: VKORC1 gene encodes the VKORC1 enzyme that resides in endoplasmic reticulum membrane, and responsible for activating and recycling of vitamin K. The current study investigates the frequency of VKORC1 gene polymorphism in patients with cardiovascular diseases, and relationship with levels of serum cardiac enzymes in Wasit province (Iraq). Genetic analysis shows the significant high frequency of VKORC1-1639G >A was seen among the GA genotype (48.33%) when compared to GG (38.33%) and AA (13.33%) genotypes. While significant reduction was reported in GA genotype (8.33%) in comparison with other GG (63.33%) and AA (20%) genotypes in healthy cases. Subsequently, the frequency of G allele in patient and healthy individuals was significantly higher than the frequency of A allele. Regarding cardiac enzymes. This study demonstrates the effect of VKORC1-1639G>A polymorphism on incidence of cardiovascular diseases as shown in increasing the frequency of GA genotype in study patients compared to healthy individuals.
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creator: Zainab Dhiyaa Jabori
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Zainab Dhiyaa Jabori https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-15
publication date: 2026-05-15
starting page: 37
ending page: 46
doi: 10.31185/jwsm.636

Stellar Activity Effects on Detection and Characterization of Exoplanets Utilizing TESS Data
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description: The current article explores the influence of stellar activity, specifically starspots and stellar flares, on the detection and characterization of exoplanets in TESS data. Stellar activity indicators (photometric modulation amplitude, flare frequency) were determined for 50 active G and K‑type stars. Significant positive correlations were found between stellar photometric variability and both the false‑alarm probability (p < 0.01) and the uncertainty of the measured planetary radius (R² = 0.76). Applying Gaussian process regression, a newly developed detrending algorithm for stellar activity indicators reduces the false‑positive rate by approximately 40% (from 18.6% to 11.2% in our sample) and improves the accuracy of planetary radius estimates by approximately 30% (reducing the mean relative uncertainty from 22.4% to 15.7% for injected Earth‑sized planets). Thus, accounting for stellar activity is essential for trustworthy exoplanet discovery and characterization.
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creator: Imad Kamil Zayer
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Imad Kamil Zayer https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-12
publication date: 2026-05-12
starting page: 27
ending page: 36
doi: 10.31185/jwsm.633

Development of An Ionosphere Monitoring Sensors Placed on Nanosatellites
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description: The significance and difficulties of instrumental research on density of the upper atmosphere (ionosphere) such as the composition are discussed. Coupling the density and the ionic composition sensor for high atmosphere, mounted on nanosatellites, are suggested as a solution to these issues. A rough idea for a compact combined converter of the higher atmospheric layers' density and ionic composition is provided. The primary characteristics of the sensor were established based on modeling the ionization processes in the working region of the vacuum transducer and the electron-ion trap.
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creator: Shaimaa Hussein Shahad
creator: Ali Noori Mohammed
creator: Firas Mohammad Dashoor
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Shaimaa Hussein Shahad, Ali Noori Mohammed, Firas Mohammad Dashoor https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-09
publication date: 2026-05-09
starting page: 13
ending page: 26
doi: 10.31185/jwsm.631

Early Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy in High-Risk Patients with Acute Cholecystitis
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description: Acute cholecystitis is a frequent surgical emergency, especially in elderly patients with several comorbidities. The study was a prospective cohort study carried out at Al-Karama Teaching hospital, Wasit, Iraq, during a period of 36 months (January 2023-January 2026) and involved 58 high-risk patients to determine the safety of early laparoscopic cholecystectomy (ELC) and the short-term outcomes, as well as whether disease sever. The term high-risk was considered as having at least one of the following systemic comorbidities (hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity, ischaemic heart disease, chronic kidney disease, or COPD). The severity of the disease was stratified in terms of the Tokyo Guidelines 2018 (TG18), and the burden of comorbidity was measured through ASA classification and cumulative comorbidity count. Results demonstrated that higher TG18 severity grades were significantly associated with longer operative time, increased complications, a conversion rate of 20.7% (n=12), and prolonged hospital stay (p < 0.05). In contrast, cumulative comorbidity burden had limited impact on most primary outcomes. ELC was successfully completed laparoscopically in 79.3% of cases, with acceptable morbidity and low 30-day mortality (1.7%). In conclusion, ELC is safe in comorbid patients, and TG18 disease severity is the primary determinant of surgical outcomes, outperforming comorbidity burden in predicting operative difficulty and recovery trajectory.
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creator: Naseer Kadhim Jawad Al-Maliky
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Naseer Kadhim Al-Maliky https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-01
publication date: 2026-05-01
starting page: 1
ending page: 12
doi: 10.31185/jwsm.630

Minimally Invasive Plate Osteosynthesis (MIPO) Versus Conventional Open Reduction and Internal Fixation (ORIF) in The Management of Distal Tibial Fractures
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description: Distal tibial fractures pose special problems in terms of surgical treatment because of precarious blood supply and thin, soft tissue envelopes. Where resources are limited as in the case of Iraq, the most important aspect is to reduce complications by maximizing outcomes. This was a prospective cohort study that compared the use of minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis (MIPO) to the conventional open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) in sixty-four patients who had AO/OTA 43-A and 43-B fracture of the distal tibia at the Al-Karama Teaching Hospital between January and December 2023. The patients were divided into MIPO (n = 32) and ORIF (n = 32), according to the surgical schedule and feasibility of the operations. The Olerud-Molander Ankle Score (OMAS) at 12 months, time to radiological union, and complication rates were considered as primary outcome measures. The secondary outcomes included hardware-related issues and return-to-work interval. The MIPO group recorded a much better mean OMAS score (78.4 ± 9.2 vs. 67.1 ± 11.5; p = 0.002), union time (14.2 ± 2.1 vs. 17.8 ± 3.4 weeks; p < 0.001), and superficial infection rates (6.3% vs. 25.0%; p = 0.048). The deep infection incidence and malunion rates were found not to differ significantly (p = 0.32 and p = 0.31) respectively. These results indicate that MIPO represents better functional recovery and lower early morbidity in the Iraqi clinical setting, despite constraints in postoperative rehabilitation and follow-up adherence. An algorithm of surgical decisions is suggested to be adapted locally and provide guidance for implementation in similar settings.
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creator: Muslim Aqeel Abbas
creator: Durgham Hasan Jasim
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Muslim Aqeel Abbas, Durgham Hussain Jasim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-31
publication date: 2026-03-31
starting page: 128
ending page: 140
doi: 10.31185/jwsm.618

Bacteriological Profile of Tonsillitis with Emphasis on Staphylococcus aureus, MRSA, and Biofilm Formation in Wasit Province
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description: The study investigates the antibiotic resistance of Staphylococcus aureus and its ability to form biofilm formation. In addition to the identification of causative agents Streptococcus pyogenes and other bacteria in tonsillitis patients at Al-Numaniya, and Al-Zahra Teaching Hospitals between September 2024 and May 2025. A total of 130 tonsil specimens (swabs and tissue samples) were collected, of which showed positive microbial growth 110. The identification of these isolates was done based on cultural, microscopic tests, biochemical tests and the VITEK 2 system identification kits. Results indicate that 38 isolates (34.5%) were positive for S. aureus with the high prevalence observed in recurrent tonsillitis, accounting for 65.7%. Moreover, Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) was identified in 44.7% of cases. Additionally, Streptococcus pyogenes was detected in (20.9%) of the cases. Findings underscore the significance of S. aureus as a major pathogen in Tonsillitis and highlight the need for effective monitoring and treatment strategies to combat antibiotic resistance.
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creator: Samara Hameed Abd-Alhassan
creator: Khairi Jameel Waheed Al-Ruaby
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Samara Hameed Abd-Alhassan, Khairi Jameel Waheed Al-Ruaby https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-22
publication date: 2026-03-22
starting page: 119
ending page: 127
doi: 10.31185/jwsm.615

Molecular Surveillance of mecA, mecC, and blaZ Genes in Urpathogenic Coagulase-negative Staphylococci Isolated from Woman Outpatients in Wasit Province, Iraq
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description: Urinary tract infections caused by coagulase-negative staphylococci have increased, accompanied by raising antibiotic resistance particularly during pregnancy. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of mecA, mecC, blaZ, and vanA genes in Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus haemolyticus isolates from young female outpatients with acute UTI. Hence, 26 S. epidermidis and 22 S. haemolyticus isolates were surveyed in this study. mecA gene was identified in both S. epidermidis 88.4% and S. haemolyticus 86.3% isolates, with no significant difference between the two species. The blaZ gene was present in 96.3% and 81.8% of S. epidermidis and S. haemolyticus isolates, also the difference was not significant. All mecA-positive S. epidermidis isolates and 84.2% of mecA-positive S. haemolyticus isolates co-carried blaZ gene. The vanA and mecC genes were absent from all isolates. These findings highlight the emergence of β-lactams' resistance among CoNS isolated from young women outpatients with acute UTI in the study area.
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creator: Zahraa Kadhim Hamad
creator: Sareaa Maseer Gatya
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Zahraa Kadhim Hamad, Sareaa Maseer Gatya https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-21
publication date: 2026-03-21
starting page: 112
ending page: 118
doi: 10.31185/jwsm.614

Evaluation of The Immune Response to Wheat Allergy in Wasit Province
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description: Wheat allergy has become increasingly prevalent worldwide, although the mechanisms of wheat protein allergenicity remain unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the immune response to wheat allergy in Wasit Province by measuring serum levels of total IgA, IgG, tTG-IgA, and tTG-IgG. Samples were collected from clinically and laboratory-confirmed patients at Kut Hospital between January 2024 and April 2025. Antibody concentrations were assessed using the ELISA technique. The concentration of IgA ranged from 0.7-32.3 U/ml. The concentration range of IgG ranged from 4.2-48 U/ml. Range of serum concentrations of antibodies to transglutaminase tTG-IgA and tTG-IgG were 0.7-32.3 and 4.2-48 U/ml respectively. Serum concentration of studied antibodies (except tTG-IgA) does not statistically effect by aging. Also, all antibodies not significantly affected by patients, all these immune markers increased in females compared to males. Linear positive correlation appeared among studied antibodies. Moreover, the strongest positive relationship is determined between IgA/ tTG-IgA, followed by IgA/IgG, IgA/ tTG-IgG.
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creator: Saja Hussain Dilfy
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Saja Hussain Dilfy https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-19
publication date: 2026-03-19
starting page: 102
ending page: 111
doi: 10.31185/jwsm.613

Histopathological Alternation in The Liver of Experimental Rodents Following Hepatotoxic Insults
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description: This study adhered to international ethical standards for animal research and investigated acute and sub chronic liver injury in rodents induced by acetaminophen (APAP) or carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). A total of 120 male rodents (60 Wistar rats, 60 C57BL/6 mice) were divided into eight groups (n=15). Hepatotoxicity was induced via single or repeated intraperitoneal injections (APAP: 300 mg/kg; CCl4: 2.0 mL/kg), with euthanasia at 12 hours, 24 hours, 72 hours, 7 days, and 28 days. Serum biomarkers (ALT, AST, GLDH, HA, MDA) and histopathology (H&E, Masson’s trichrome, α-SMA) were assessed. Histological scoring (0-4) showed high inter-rater reliability (κ > 0.85). Results revealed early oxidative stress (MDA ↑ at 12 hours), peak necrosis (ALT/GLDH ↑ at 24-72 hours), and bridging fibrosis in CCl4-treated rats by Day 28 (HA ↑ 7-fold, p < 0.001). APAP caused more severe acute necrosis in mice; CCl4 induced pronounced fibrogenesis in rats. GLDH strongly correlated with necrosis (r = 0.84), and HA best predicted fibrosis stage (R² = 0.79, p < 0.001).
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creator: Samer Riyadh Fadhil
creator: Qasim Zghair Alsayyid
creator: Marwa Jamal Hussain
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Samer Riyadh Fadhil, Qasim Zghair Alsayyid, Marwa Jamal Hussain https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-19
publication date: 2026-03-19
starting page: 90
ending page: 101
doi: 10.31185/jwsm.612

Effect of Concentration and Exposure Time on Mild Steel Corrosion in Sodium Chloride
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description: One of the major aspects in terms of cost and security of both industrial and marine environments is corrosion. This paper is an experimental study of the corrosion behavior of mild steel in sodium chloride at various concentrations (0.5 -10 wt. %) after 168 hours. The methods used were in visual analysis and microscopy. It was established that corrosion rate increased with concentration of NaCl but deviated at higher concentrations. The mass loss versus time was almost linear in a graphical representation and the rate of corrosion versus concentration exhibited a maximum level. These findings are related to the electrochemical concepts of oxygen diffusion and formation of corrosion products, which are explained. Highest corrosion risk is determined and recommendations made concerning the best concentration which presents maximum corrosion risks and protective measures are recommended to the marine structures.
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creator: Mohammed Rashid Znad
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Mohammed Rashid Znad https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-14
publication date: 2026-03-14
starting page: 82
ending page: 89
doi: 10.31185/jwsm.611

Analysis of piles by different programs
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description: In the present work nonlinear finite element analysis has been used to predict the load displacement behavior of single pile embedded in soil with concrete cap and in case only cap by using ANSYS (Analysis System) (version 9) computer program, eight-node brick element has been used to model undrained condition soil and soild 65 to represent concrete pile, non - linear material behavior is adopted for the soil in which a Drucker - Prager (DP) model is used to represent that nonlinearity. The bond between concrete pile and soil has been modeled by using surface to surface contact element ,the single pile with cap have settlement equal to 13.6mm and in case cap only equal to 26.93mm by using ANSYS program and compared the result with [1], with the program using three dimensional finite element, the results are in the single pile with cap have settlement equal to 23.73 mm and in case of cap only equal to 45 mm.
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creator: Basima Abbas Jabir Al-humairi
rights: Copyright (c) 2014 Basima Abbas Jabir Al-humairi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2014-12-30
publication date: 2014-12-30
starting page: 37
ending page: 48
doi: 10.31185/jwsm.609

Simulation Analysis of CMOS Device Fabrication Using Silvaco TCAD: Process Optimization for Biomedical Applications
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description: This paper describes a detailed simulation of CMOS device manufacturing using Silvaco TCAD software. The simulated CMOS devices reached the final source/drain doping density of about 7x1019 cm-3 in both NMOS and PMOS devices, and the threshold voltage of about ±1 V, which can be used in many logic applications. N-well and P-well pre-annealing concentrations were 2x1017 cm-3 and 6x1017 cm-3 respectively with post drive-in diffusion depths of 2-3 μm. The LOCOS process was able to generate 0.5 μm field oxide to isolate devices. This paper offers specific information on process parameter selection and optimization and shows that process simulation is valuable in exhibiting fabrication-device characteristic relations. Moreover, the paper explains the CMOS fabrication infrastructure in biomedical sensor applications, in which CMOS technology has demonstrated notable potential biosensors, point-of-care diagnostics, and implantable medical devices.
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creator: Zeina Abbas Salman
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Zeina Abbas Salman https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-02-28
publication date: 2026-02-28
starting page: 68
ending page: 81
doi: 10.31185/jwsm.608

Mild Steel Corrosion Inhibitor in An Acidic Media Study by Using a Natural Inhibitor (Ascorbic Acid)
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description: The study investigates ascorbic acid prevents mild steel from corroding in a 1 M HCl solution. Weight loss and electrochemical methods (Potentiodynamic Polarization) were used to assess the inhibition's effectiveness. Results indicated that ascorbic acid is an appropriate mixed-type inhibitor, its strength depends on the concentration. It showed a maximum inhibition found at 94 % with concentration 500 ppm. The Langmuir adsorption isotherm was found to describe the adsorption of the ascorbic acid molecules that occurred on the surface of the steel. SEM (scanning electron microscopy) was used to analyze the surface of the metal which is covered with protective layer which acts as inhibitor. Among the studies that can be cited is that ascorbic acid has high potential to become a low-cost, non-toxic yet effective corrosion inhibitor in the industrial cleaning of the acidic environments.
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creator: Sarah Badri Jasim
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Sarah Badri Jasim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-02-11
publication date: 2026-02-11
starting page: 60
ending page: 67
doi: 10.31185/jwsm.605

Effects of Viruses on Innate and Adaptive Immunity: Mechanisms, Challenges, and Prevention
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description: Viruses pose a serious threat to human health by hijacking host cellular machinery and altering immune responses. Understanding virus–immune system interactions is crucial for controlling viral diseases. This study focuses on the roles of innate and adaptive immunity in antiviral defense. Innate immunity provides the first barrier through pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and type I interferon signaling, whereas adaptive immunity mediates antigen-specific responses and immune memory. However, many viruses evade immunity through mechanisms such as interferon inhibition, antigenic variation, latency, and T-cell exhaustion, especially in chronic infections like HIV, HBV, and HCV. These strategies promote immune dysfunction and viral persistence. Recent therapeutic advances, including mRNA vaccines, monoclonal antibodies, immune checkpoint inhibitors, and nanotechnology-based delivery systems, offer promising approaches to enhance antiviral immunity and limit viral replication.
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creator: Hussein Ali Mohammad Al-Ukaily
creator: Salam Mohammed Khalif Al-Tamimi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Hussein Ali Mohammad Al-Ukaily, Salam Mohammed Khalif Al-Tamimi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-02-10
publication date: 2026-02-10
starting page: 53
ending page: 59
doi: 10.31185/jwsm.604

Electrochemical Detection of Ciprofloxacin Using a Functionalized Graphene Oxide Nanocomposite Sensor
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description: Widespread misuse of ciprofloxacin (CIP) threatens ecosystems and human health by fostering antibiotic resistance. This work develops an electrochemical sensor with high sensitivity for CIP detection by altering an electrode made of glassy carbon with a cobalt phthalocyanine-functionalized graphene oxide (CoPc/GO) nanocomposite. The CoPc/GO synergy significantly improved the electroactive area, electron transfer, and CIP adsorption. Using square-wave voltammetry, the sensor achieved a broad linear range (0.01–10.0 μM) with a 2.1 nM detection limit. It demonstrated excellent repeatability (RSD < 3.5%), reproducibility (RSD < 4.8%), stability over four weeks, and strong resistance to interferences (<5% signal change). Successful application in spiked wastewater and river water samples, with recoveries of 97.2–103.5%, confirms its practicality for environmental monitoring of antibiotic residues
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creator: Lamis Mohamed Othman
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Lamis Mohamed Othman https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-29
publication date: 2026-01-29
starting page: 41
ending page: 52
doi: 10.31185/jwsm.601

Determination of Calcium Concentration in Milk Using EDTA Complexometric Titration as An Indicator of Nutritional Quality
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description: This current study measured calcium ion concentration in three commercial milk types (whole, semi-skimmed, skimmed) using complexometric titration with EDTA and Eriochrome Black T indicator at pH 10. The mean calcium concentrations were 1.25 ± 0.05 mg/mL, 1.28 ± 0.04 mg/mL, and 1.32 ± 0.06 mg/mL, respectively. Statistical analysis (one-way ANOVA) showed no significant difference (p > 0.05) between the milk types. This indicates that the fat removal process does not deplete ionic calcium content. The validated method proved to be a simple, economical, and precise technique for the quality assurance of calcium in milk products.
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creator: Noor Alhuda Sabah Hussein
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Noor Alhuda Sabah Hussein https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-28
publication date: 2026-01-28
starting page: 34
ending page: 40
doi: 10.31185/jwsm.600

Biodegradation of spinetoram (pesticide) by consortium of Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus pumilus isolates
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description: Spinetoram is the management of insect pests that affect vegetable crops growing in greenhouses and outdoors. It was produced first in 2007 by fermentation product of Saccharopolyspora spinose (C42H69NO10). The current study describes the effectiveness of bacterial isolated from Iraqi environments, to remove spinetoram. Genetic analysis (16S rRNA) revealed that these strains are Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus pumilus. Four temperatures (25, 30, 35, 40) oC and pH values (5,7,9) were chosen for this study, and three concentrations of spinetoram (400, 800, 1200) mg/L were used. The spinetoram showed that the best biodegradation by consortium of Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus pumilus was at a temperature of 35 oC and pH 9 while the removal percentages were 99%, at 400 mg/L of spinetoram. The study's findings demonstrated the potential and importance of using aerobic biodegradation to remove spinetoram pesticides from agricultural soils. This consortium's capacity to break down pesticides makes it a valuable bioremediation tool.
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creator: Hussein Ali Awadh Al-Zamili
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Hussein Ali Awadh Al-Zamili https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-27
publication date: 2026-01-27
starting page: 20
ending page: 33
doi: 10.31185/jwsm.599

Study of The Prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus In Urine Among Student of Wasit University
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description: Urinary tract infection (UTI) refers to every part of urinary system infection caused by the presence and growing of microorganisms everywhere in the urinary tract. Women were frequently affected by the diseases. Urinary tract infections can be caused by Staphylococcus aureus. The current study aimed to determine the prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus in urine among students of Wasit University from December 2021 to March 2022. A total of 100 midstream urine specimens were taken from symptomatic Wasit University students. Fifty were male samples, and fifty female samples aged from 18 to 22. Patients had symptoms such as polyuria, pelvic and back pain, and dysuria. Patients did not receive any antimicrobial treatment. Out of 100 students 21 (21%) were infected with Staphylococcus aureus. Females had a slightly higher prevalence than males 12 (24%) were females, and 9 (18%) were males. There are significant differences (P value = 0.0343) between males and females for Staphylococcus aureus and high temperature. The statistical analysis showed significant (P. value = 0.0374) association between Staphylococcus aureus infection and dyuria in male and female. A statistically significant association was observed between Staphylococcus aureus infection and flank pain.
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creator: Dhuha Abd Al-Hadi Hamzah
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Dhuha Abd Al-Hadi Hamzah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-25
publication date: 2026-01-25
starting page: 11
ending page: 19
doi: 10.31185/jwsm.598

Physicochemical and Microbiological Assessment of Bottled Water in Al-Kut, Iraq
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description: Bottled water is a key alternative of tap water with great attention over past decades due to the direct link with human health. Twelve bottled water brands available in Kut markets were collected during the winter season of 2022. Tests included physical properties color, taste, and odor. Besides chemical properties pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), and microbial analyses by using standard culture media. Iraqi standard specifications were used as a basis for evaluation in addition to a comparison between test results and the package. Physical tests indicated that all bottled water samples were acceptable in terms of taste and smell, according to specifications. Most microbial test results complied with the Iraqi standards and WHO guidelines except for type D which recorded the presence of coliform bacteria. Chemical results showed pH values tended toward acidity and do not always match samples label and do not complying with the Iraqi standards. While total dissolved salts and turbidity values varied among samples most complied with the standard specifications.
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creator: Huda Hadi Raheem
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-21
publication date: 2026-01-21
starting page: 1
ending page: 10
doi: 10.31185/jwsm.597

Graphene Oxide Nanosheet Synthesis Using a Modified Hammer Process and Toxicity Assessment (LD50)
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description: Two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials are an extremely complex and sophisticated type of atomically thick nanoparticles composed of one or more layers of molecules. 2D Nanomaterials can have lateral sizes that reach micrometres, and by optimizing the production method, longer ones can be produced. Among the unique characteristics of 2D nanomaterials are high contrast, effective surface area, mechanical strength, plasmonic properties, electron containment, and optical properties. This study used a newly developed sustainable modified Hammers’ process to manufacture graphene oxide nanosheets which is considered one of the distinctive two-dimensional nanomaterial substrates. Compared to earlier modified Hammers’ process, this process requires less time. The morphological and structural characteristics of GO were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Raman spectroscopy. The TEM results for the GO nanosheets generated for this investigation showed a single- and double-layer structure. The morphological and structural characteristics were investigated GO exhibited favourable morphological and structural features are present in GO, including a nice graphitic structure and valuable oxygen-containing functional groups such as OH, COOH, and C=O functional groups. There were clear mitigation of waste creation and the possibility of reduced time and cost requirements with this modified hummer approach. The LD50 of GO nanosheets was studied in rats through different concentrations given orally, showing a significant increase in renal function test levels (urea and creatinine), in comparison to the control group at 300 mg/kg. However, only preliminary toxicity data were provided on GO's toxicity in rats in this work; more experimental confirmation and clarification are necessary before GO is extensively employed in biomedical applications.
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creator: Shaimaa Hamed Jaber
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-22
publication date: 2025-12-22
starting page: 91
ending page: 100
doi: 10.31185/jwsm.590

Impact of Nanoparticles on The Binding of Insulin Hormone and Its Receptors in Sera of Patients with Type Two Diabetes
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description: Nanotechnology is one of the most important modern technologies used in several areas. The most important of these fields are medical field, as it is used in the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of many diseases due to its distinctive visual and engineering properties. This work has aimed to evaluate the impact of metal oxide nanoparticles on insulin binding to its receptor in sera of patients with type 2 diabetes at different stages of BMI. Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles were prepared by the precipitation method while copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles were synthesized using the photo-irradiation method and their properties were studied using atomic force microscope (AFM), scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). ZnO nanoparticles had a particle size of 21.8-36.6 nm while CuO nanoparticles had 20-28 nm. The effectiveness of ZnO and CuO nanoparticles on insulin and insulin receptor (INSR) levels was evaluated in obese and normal-weight diabetic patients. Both nanoparticles (NPs) showed an inhibitory effect on insulin and INSR levels, while contributing to a reduction in insulin resistance.
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creator: Zahraa Ali Taher
creator: Fatin Fadhel Mohammad Hasan Al-Kazazzb
creator: Dhia Hadi Hussain
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-16
publication date: 2025-12-16
starting page: 79
ending page: 90
doi: 10.31185/jwsm.589

Calculation of Luminance between delta wavelengths depending on temperature in different bands
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description: In this work the classical blackbody radiation theory and a statistical analysis were used to determine the relative advantages of single-band and two-band data acquisition. We calculate the Number of photon and present the difference of luminance for two (or many) wavelength under different temperature at different bands. Mathematical analysis has been implemented by calculates the irradiance using Planks law to find the error with the temperature and the wavelength for different acquisition time and many geometry. The relationship between wavelength and monochromatic intensity of blackbody radiation is expressed in mathematical way. We plot monochromatic energy density of blackbody radiation at different temperatures as function of the wavelength. The relationship between wavelength and monochromatic intensity of blackbody radiation is expressed in mathematical way and by plotting this relation at different temperatures. We conclude that by created two vectors first on the delta wavelength and the second on the same wavelength, the size of this new vector its distribution between the beginning and end of a linear must be absolutely the same size as the temperature vector. The shape of curves of monochromatic intensity is like the shape of distribution function of Maxwell. One can use this method for calibration or find any missing value of these factors.
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creator: Bassaad Hadi Hamzha
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-14
publication date: 2025-12-14
starting page: 33
ending page: 41
doi: 10.31185/jwsm.588

Histopathological Study of The Protective Effect of Sesame Oil on Arsenic Induced Hepatorenal Toxicity in Female Rats
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description: This study aims to evaluate the potential of sesame oil to protect female rats from arsenic-induced hepatorenal toxicity. This toxicity arises from the inability of the body to metabolize heavy metals like arsenic, leading to their accumulation in soft tissues. Previous studies suggest that sesame oil, a known antioxidant, may protect against arsenic-induced toxicity in the liver and kidneys. The study included six groups: a control (distilled water) an arsenic model (40 ppm sodium arsenate in drinking water for 6 weeks). Two sesame oil control groups (5 or 2.5 mL/kg by gavage for 6 weeks), and two therapeutic groups that received arsenic for 6 weeks followed by either the high or low doses of sesame oil for another six weeks. The histopathological assessment revealed significant liver and kidney injury in the arsenic-treated group, characterized by renal interstitial fibrosis and tubular necrosis, alongside hepatic necrosis and destruction of the normal cord-like structure of liver cells. In contrast, groups that received sesame oil (5 mL/kg B.W.) as a post-exposure treatment showed a profound reduction in tissue damage. Their liver and kidney morphology were largely restored to a state resembling the healthy controls. The significant results strongly suggest that sesame oil possesses therapeutic properties that protect against the histopathological effects of arsenic toxicity.
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creator: Zainab Wisam Abduljaleel
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-30
publication date: 2025-11-30
starting page: 67
ending page: 78
doi: 10.31185/jwsm.586

Tracing Salivary NET-Derived CitH3 as a Diagnostic Biomarker in Periodontal Disease: A Case Control Study
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description: Periodontal diseases encompass a continuum of inflammatory conditions, as a result of altered host-microbe interactions. Among the immune cells involved, neutrophils are pivotal through their ability to generate web-like structures released by neutrophils called (NETs) and histone H3 proteins modified through citrullination (CitH3). Thus, the study aim was based on the evaluation of diagnostic potential of salivary CitH3 in patients with periodontal disease. Ninety participants aged from 25 to 55 years involved in the study. Divided equally into three groups, healthy controls, patients with gingivitis, and patients with severe periodontitis/stage III. The periodontal parameters were recorded and salivary samples collected for (CitH3) evaluation using ELISA. Kruskal-Wallis, Spearman's correlation, and ROC curves were used for statistical analysis. CitH3 showed significantly higher levels in gingivitis and periodontitis groups (P < 0.001), with a positive significant relationship regarding gingival index. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis demonstrated that CitH3 exhibited a high level of discriminative power between gingivitis and control subjects (AUC = 0.90) and a decent diagnostic ability in differentiating periodontitis from health (AUC = 0.86). Salivary CitH3 seems to be a useful biomarker for periodontal inflammation because it shows how NETosis plays a role in the disease getting worse. The observed increase in patient groups substantiates its diagnostic significance, while its association with gingival inflammation suggests a potential function as a prognostic marker for periodontal disease activity.
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creator: Mohammedalmustafa Qasim Abdul-Hussien
creator: Ghasaq Asim Abdul-Wahab
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-28
publication date: 2025-11-28
starting page: 57
ending page: 66
doi: 10.31185/jwsm.585

Impact of Modern Immunosuppressants of Cytokine Gen and Protein Expression in Transplant Recipients
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description: Organ transplantation represents a major medical achievement that offers prolonged survival for patients with chronic organ failure. The study evaluated the influence of contemporary immunosuppressive agents on cytokine gene and protein expression, including TNF-α, IL-2, IFN-γ, and IL-10, using qRT-PCR and ELISA. Results revealed that patients under tacrolimus-based therapy showed a significant downregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IFN-γ) compared with cyclosporine-treated recipients. While IL-10 expression was markedly elevated, suggesting a shift toward immune tolerance. Moreover, cytokine balance correlated with improved graft function and reduced rejection episodes. These findings highlight the immunomodulatory differences between regimens and underscore the potential of cytokine profiles as predictive biomarkers for transplant outcomes. Overall, the study provides valuable insights into optimizing personalized immunotherapy and improving long-term graft survival in organ transplantation.
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creator: Hussein Ali Mohammed Al-Ukaily
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-13
publication date: 2025-11-13
starting page: 45
ending page: 56
doi: 10.31185/jwsm.582

Phenethylamine's Effect on Preventing the Corrosion of Low-Carbon Steel in Acidic Environments: Theoretical and Experimental DFT Computational Investigation
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description: The current study employed polarization and gravimetric methods to investigate the corrosion resistance of low carbon steel in a solution with hydrochloric acid and different concentrations of phenethylamine. The inhibitor showed a high level of inhibitory effectiveness IE (%). Inhibitor's efficacy tends to decline with increasing temperature and concentration. The structure of inhibitor contains amine and ethyl groups, which are necessary for the adsorption process. These groups form a thin layer on the metal's surface and provide sufficient corrosion prevention. The thermodynamic parameters enthalpy, adsorption free energy, and entropy change were determined. Results were in line with previous research and were suitable. Adsorption and dissolution thermodynamic functions were also calculated. Moreover, DFT was used to compute thermodynamic functions of adsorption and dissolution for inhibitor. Also, energy levels of the least occupied molecular orbital (LUMO) and the energy of the most occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) were studied.
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creator: Samah Abbas Jihad
creator: Israa Sattar Gatea
creator: Aya Qasim Khanjar
creator: Athra G. Sager
creator: Raheem Aziz Hussain Al-Uqaily
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-31
publication date: 2025-10-31
starting page: 32
ending page: 44
doi: 10.31185/jwsm.578

Prevalence of Scimeca-Encoded Resistance Gens in Oral Staphylococcus Aures from Gingivitis Cases in Wasit Province, Iraq
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description: The current study investigates the prevalence and antibiotic resistance of Staphylococcus aureus in gingivitis patients at Aziziyah General Hospital from November 2024 to February 2025. A total of 139 clinical samples were collected and analysed using selective media, including mannitol salt agar, and blood agar, alongside gram staining and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques. Results indicated that 63 isolates (45.3 %) were positive for S. aureus, with the highest prevalence found in plaque-induced gingivitis (39.6 %). Moreover, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was identified in 29 % of cases, with varying SCCmec types detected among isolates. Findings underscore the significance of S. aureus as a major pathogen in periodontal disease and highlight the need for effective monitoring and treatment strategies to combat antibiotic resistance.
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creator: Ayat Ayid Mahmood Alewi
creator: Khairi Jameel Waheed Al-Ruaby
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Ayat Ayid Mahmood Alewi, Khairi Jameel Waheed Al-Ruaby https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-01
publication date: 2025-10-01
starting page: 24
ending page: 31
doi: 10.31185/jwsm.577